Home  ›  Big Idea 2 Cellular Processes Energy and Communication Review

Big Idea 2 Cellular Processes Energy and Communication Review

Written By Friday, 22 April 2022 Add Comment Edit

British-American figurer scientist, mathematician, physicist, author and man of affairs (born 1959)

Stephen Wolfram
Stephen Wolfram PR (cropped).jpg

Wolfram in 2008
Born (1959-08-29) 29 August 1959 (age 62)

London, England
Nationality British, American
Education Dragon School[ane]
Eton Higher
Alma mater
  • St. John's College, Oxford
    (no degree)
  • California Institute of Technology
    (PhD, 1980)
Known for
  • Mathematica
  • Wolfram Alpha
  • A New Kind of Science [2]
  • Wolfram Language
Awards MacArthur Fellowship (1981)
Scientific career
Fields
  • Mathematics[iii]
  • Physics
  • Computing
  • Cellular automata
Institutions
  • Wolfram Research
  • Thinking Machines Corporation[four]
  • California Establish of Technology
  • Constitute for Advanced Study

  • University of Illinois at Urbana–
    Champaign
Thesis Some Topics in Theoretical High-Free energy Physics(1980)
Doctoral advisor Richard D. Field[5]
Website
  • www.stephenwolfram.com
  • twitter.com/stephen_wolfram

Stephen Wolfram (; born 29 Baronial 1959) is a British-American[6] computer scientist, physicist, and man of affairs. He is known for his work in computer science, mathematics, and theoretical physics.[7] [eight] In 2012, he was named a fellow of the American Mathematical Society.[ix]

As a businessman, he is the founder and CEO of the software visitor Wolfram Inquiry where he worked as chief designer of Mathematica and the Wolfram Alpha answer engine.

Early life [edit]

Family [edit]

Stephen Wolfram was born in London in 1959 to Hugo and Sybil Wolfram, both German Jewish refugees to the Britain.[10] His maternal grandmother was British psychoanalyst Kate Friedlander.

Wolfram's father, Hugo Wolfram, was a fabric manufacturer and served as managing manager of the Lurex Company—makers of the fabric Lurex.[xi] Wolfram'south mother, Sybil Wolfram, was a Swain and Tutor in Philosophy at Lady Margaret Hall at University of Oxford from 1964 to 1993.[12]

Stephen Wolfram is married to a mathematician. They take iv children together.[thirteen] [14]

Instruction [edit]

Wolfram was educated at Eton College, but left prematurely in 1976.[xv] Equally a immature child, Wolfram had difficulties learning arithmetic.[xvi] At the age of 12, he wrote a directory of physics.[17] By historic period 14, he had written three books on particle physics.[18] [19] [20] He entered St. John's Higher, Oxford, at age 17 and left in 1978[21] without graduating[22] [23] to attend the California Institute of Applied science the following year, where he received a PhD[24] in particle physics on 19 November 1979 at age xx.[25] Wolfram's thesis committee was composed of Richard Feynman, Peter Goldreich, Frank J. Sciulli and Steven Frautschi, and chaired by Richard D. Field.[25] [26]

Early career [edit]

Wolfram, at the age of 15, began enquiry in applied quantum field theory and particle physics and published scientific papers in peer-reviewed scientific journals including Nuclear Physics B, Australian Periodical of Physics, Nuovo Cimento, and Physical Review D.[27] Working independently, Wolfram published a widely cited paper on heavy quark production at age 18[2] and nine other papers.[28] Wolfram'southward work with Geoffrey C. Fox on the theory of the strong interaction is still used in experimental particle physics.[29]

Post-obit his PhD, Wolfram joined the faculty at Caltech and became the youngest recipient[thirty] of the MacArthur Fellowships in 1981, at historic period 21.[22]

Later on career [edit]

Complex systems and cellular automata [edit]

In 1983, Wolfram left for the School of Natural Sciences of the Establish for Advanced Study in Princeton. Past that time, he was no longer interested in particle physics. Instead, he began pursuing investigations into cellular automata,[31] [32] [33] [34] [35] mainly with computer simulations. He produced a serial of papers systematically investigating the class of simple cellular automata, conceiving the Wolfram code, a naming system for one-dimensional cellular automata, and a classification scheme for the complexity of their behaviour.[36] He conjectured that the Dominion 110 cellular automaton might exist Turing complete, which was later proved correct.[37] Wolfram's cellular-automata work came to be cited in more than than x,000 papers.[28]

In the mid-1980s, Wolfram worked on simulations of physical processes (such as turbulent fluid period) with cellular automata on the Connectedness Car alongside Richard Feynman[38] and helped initiate the field of complex systems. In 1984, he was a participant in the Founding Workshops of the Santa Fe Institute, forth with Nobel laureates Murray Gell-Isle of man, Manfred Eigen, and Philip Warren Anderson, and future laureate Frank Wilczek.[39] In 1986, he founded the Center for Circuitous Systems Research (CCSR) at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign.[xl] In 1987, he founded the journal Complex Systems.[40]

Symbolic Manipulation Program [edit]

Wolfram led the development of the computer algebra organisation SMP (Symbolic Manipulation Plan) in the Caltech physics department during 1979–1981. A dispute with the assistants over the intellectual property rights regarding SMP—patents, copyright, and kinesthesia involvement in commercial ventures—eventually led him to resign from Caltech.[41] SMP was further developed and marketed commercially by Inference Corp. of Los Angeles during 1983–1988.

Mathematica [edit]

In 1986, Wolfram left the Institute for Advanced Study for the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign where he founded their Center for Complex Systems Research and started to develop the computer algebra system Mathematica, which was start released on 23 June 1988, when he left academia. In 1987, he founded Wolfram Inquiry which continues to develop and market the plan.[2]

A New Kind of Science [edit]

From 1992 to 2002, Wolfram worked on his controversial book A New Kind of Scientific discipline,[2] [42] which presents an empirical study of simple computational systems. Additionally, it argues that for primal reasons these types of systems, rather than traditional mathematics, are needed to model and understand complexity in nature. Wolfram's decision is that the universe is discrete in its nature, and runs on fundamental laws which can be described as simple programs. He predicts that a realization of this within scientific communities will have a revolutionary influence on physics, chemical science, biology, and a majority of scientific areas in general, hence the book's title.

Wolfram Physics Projection [edit]

In Apr 2020, Wolfram announced the "Wolfram Physics Projection" equally an effort to reduce and explain all the laws of physics within a prototype of a hypergraph that is transformed by minimal rewriting rules which obey the Church-Rosser property.[43] [44] The effort is a continuation of the ideas he originally described in A New Kind of Scientific discipline. Wolfram claims that "From an extremely unproblematic model, we're able to reproduce special relativity, general relativity and the core results of quantum mechanics." Physicists are mostly unimpressed with Wolfram's merits, and land that Wolfram'southward results are non-quantitative and arbitrary.[45] [46]

Wolfram Blastoff computational noesis engine [edit]

In March 2009, Wolfram announced Wolfram Alpha, an answer engine. WolframAlpha afterwards launched in May 2009,[47] and a paid-for version with extra features launched in February 2012.[48] The engine is based on tongue processing and a large library of algorithms. The application programming interface allows other applications to extend and enhance Wolfram Blastoff.[49]

Touchpress [edit]

In 2010, Wolfram co-founded Touchpress along with Theodore Grayness, Max Whitby, and John Cromie. The company specialised in creating in-depth premium apps and games covering a wide range of educational subjects designed for children, parents, students, and educators. Since the launch, Touchpress has published more than than 100 apps.[50] The company is no longer active.

Wolfram Language [edit]

In March 2014, at the annual South by Southwest (SXSW) event, Wolfram officially appear the Wolfram Linguistic communication as a new full general multi-epitome programming language[51] and currently better known as a multi-epitome computational advice language, though it was previously bachelor through Mathematica and not an entirely new programming linguistic communication. The documentation for the linguistic communication was pre-released in October 2013 to coincide with the bundling of Mathematica and the Wolfram Linguistic communication on every Raspberry Pi computer with some controversy considering of its proprietary nature.[52] While the Wolfram Language has existed for over xxx years as the primary programming language used in Mathematica, information technology was not officially named until 2014.[53]

Personal interests and activities [edit]

The significance data has on the products Wolfram creates transfers into his own life. He has an all-encompassing log of personal analytics, including emails received and sent, keystrokes made, meetings and events attended, phone calls, even physical motility dating dorsum to the 1980s. In the preface of A New Kind of Scientific discipline, he noted that he recorded over one-hundred million keystrokes and one-hundred mouse miles. He has stated "[personal analytics] tin can give us a whole new dimension to experiencing our lives."[54]

Stephen Wolfram was involved as a scientific consultant for the 2016 film Arrival. He and his son Christopher wrote some of the code featured on-screen, such as the lawmaking in graphics depicting an analysis of the conflicting logograms, for which they used the Wolfram Language.[55] [56]

He livestreams meetings centered around improving the Wolfram Language on YouTube. [57]

Bibliography [edit]

  • Combinators: A Centennial View (2021)
  • A Projection to Find the Fundamental Theory of Physics (2020), Publisher: Wolfram Media, ISBN 978-1-57955-035-half dozen
  • Adventures of a Computational Explorer (2019)
  • Idea Makers: Personal Perspectives on the Lives & Ideas of Some Notable People (2016)[58]
  • Elementary Introduction to the Wolfram Language (2015)[59]
  • A New Kind of Science (2002)
  • The Mathematica Book (multiple editions)
  • Cellular Automata and Complication: Collected Papers (1994)
  • Theory and Applications of Cellular Automata (1986)

References [edit]

  1. ^ My Life in Technology—As Told at the Computer History Museum
  2. ^ a b c d Giles, J. (2002). "Stephen Wolfram: What kind of science is this?". Nature. 417 (6886): 216–218. Bibcode:2002Natur.417..216G. doi:10.1038/417216a. PMID 12015565. S2CID 10636328.
  3. ^ Wolfram, S. (2013). "Estimator algebra". Proceedings of the 38th international symposium on International symposium on symbolic and algebraic ciphering – ISSAC '13. p. 7. doi:10.1145/2465506.2465930. ISBN9781450320597. S2CID 37099593.
  4. ^ Stephen Wolfram'due south publications indexed by the Scopus bibliographic database. (subscription required)
  5. ^ Wolfram, Stephen (1980). Some topics in theoretical loftier-free energy physics. Caltech Library (phd). California Found of Technology. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
  6. ^ "Biographical Facts for Stephen Wolfram". www.stephenwolfram.com . Retrieved two March 2017.
  7. ^ "Stephen Wolfram". Wolfram Alpha. Retrieved 15 May 2012.
  8. ^ "Stephen Wolfram: 'I am an information pack rat'". New Scientist . Retrieved 19 April 2014.
  9. ^ List of Fellows of the American Mathematical Guild, retrieved one September 2013.
  10. ^ The Universal Listen: The Evolution of Machine Intelligence and Human Psychology, Xiphias Press, one Sep 2016, Michael Peragine
  11. ^ Telling a good yarn by Jenny Lunnon, Oxford Times, Thursday 21 September 2006.
  12. ^ Kate Friedländer née Frankl (1902–1949), Psychoanalytikerinnen. Biografisches Lexikon.
  13. ^ "Stephen Wolfram". Sunday Profile. 31 May 2009. Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
  14. ^ "Biographical Facts for Stephen Wolfram".
  15. ^ A Voice communication for (High-School) Graduates past Stephen Wolfram (a commencement speech for Stanford Online High Schoolhouse), StephenWolfram.com, 9 June 2014: "You know, as it happens, I myself never officially graduated from high school, and this is really the first high school graduation I've always been to."
  16. ^ PHYSICIST AWARDED 'GENIUS' PRIZE FINDS REALITY IN INVISIBLE World, by GLADWIN Hill, New York Times, 24 May 1981: "When I starting time went to school, they idea I was backside, he says, considering I didn't desire to read the airheaded books they gave us. And I never was able to exercise arithmetics. It was when he got into higher mathematics, such as calculus, he says, that he realized there was an invisible earth that he wanted to explore."
  17. ^ Southward. Wolfram (1972). Concise Directory of Physics (PDF).
  18. ^ S. Wolfram (1973). The Physics of Subatomic Particles (PDF).
  19. ^ S. Wolfram (1974). Introduction to the Weak Interaction (PDF). Vol. 1.
  20. ^ South. Wolfram (1974). Introduction to the Weak Interaction (PDF). Vol. 2.
  21. ^ Complication: A Guided Tour by Melanie Mitchell, 2009, p. 151: "In the early 1980s, Stephen Wolfram, a physicist working at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, became fascinated past cellular automata and the patterns they brand. Wolfram is one of those legendary kid prodigies people similar to tell stories about. Born in London in 1959, Wolfram published his outset physics paper at xv. Ii years later on, in the summer after his first year at Oxford, . . . Wolfram wrote a newspaper in the field of "quantum chromodynamics" that attracted the attention of Nobel-Prize-winning physicist Murray Gell-Isle of man, who invited Wolfram to join his group at Caltech…"
  22. ^ a b Arndt, Michael (17 May 2002). "Stephen Wolfram's Simple Scientific discipline". BusinessWeek . Retrieved twenty Baronial 2015.
  23. ^ Stephen Wolfram: 'The textbook has never interested me': The British child genius who abandoned physics to devote himself to coding and the cosmos, by Zoë Corbyn, The Guardian, Sabbatum 28 June 2014: "He entered Oxford University at 17 without A-levels and left around a year afterward without graduating. He was bored and he had been invited to cross the pond by the prestigious California Constitute of Engineering science (Caltech) to do a PhD. "I had written a bunch of papers and and then was pretty well known past that time,"" ...
  24. ^ Stephen Wolfram at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
  25. ^ a b Wolfram, Stephen (1980). Some Topics in Theoretical High-Energy Physics (PhD thesis). California Establish of Technology.
  26. ^ Application
  27. ^ "Stephen Wolfram: Articles on Particle Physics". Archived from the original on 7 October 2013. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
  28. ^ a b Levy, Steven (1 June 2002). "The Man Who Croaky The Code to Everything..." Wired.com . Retrieved 22 November 2018.
  29. ^ Fox, G.; Wolfram, S. (1978). "Observables for the Analysis of Event Shapes in e^{+}e^{-} Anything and Other Processes". Physical Review Letters. 41 (23): 1581. Bibcode:1978PhRvL..41.1581F. doi:x.1103/PhysRevLett.41.1581.
  30. ^ "About Stephen Wolfram". world wide web.stephenwolfram.com . Retrieved 13 October 2015.
  31. ^ Wolfram, South. (1984). "Computation theory of cellular automata". Communications in Mathematical Physics. 96 (1): 15–57. Bibcode:1984CMaPh..96...15W. doi:x.1007/BF01217347. S2CID 121021967.
  32. ^ Martin, O.; Odlyzko, A. Grand.; Wolfram, South. (1984). "Algebraic properties of cellular automata" (PDF). Communications in Mathematical Physics. 93 (ii): 219. Bibcode:1984CMaPh..93..219M. CiteSeerXx.1.1.78.212. doi:10.1007/BF01223745. S2CID 6900060.
  33. ^ Wolfram, S. (1986). "Cellular automaton fluids 1: Basic theory" (PDF). Journal of Statistical Physics. 45 (3–4): 471–526. Bibcode:1986JSP....45..471W. CiteSeerX10.1.i.320.9330. doi:10.1007/BF01021083. S2CID 10664178.
  34. ^ Wolfram, S. (1984). "Cellular automata every bit models of complexity". Nature. 311 (5985): 419–424. Bibcode:1984Natur.311..419W. doi:10.1038/311419a0. S2CID 4237923.
  35. ^ Wolfram, S. (1983). "Statistical mechanics of cellular automata". Reviews of Modern Physics. 55 (three): 601–644. Bibcode:1983RvMP...55..601W. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.55.601.
  36. ^ Regis, Ed (1987). Who Got Einstein'southward Office: Eccentricity and Genius at the Found for Advanced Study, Addison-Wesley, Reading. ISBN 0201120658
  37. ^ Cook, Matthew (2004). "Universality in Simple Cellular Automata". Complex Systems. 15 (one). ISSN 0891-2513. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
  38. ^ Westward. Daniel Hillis (February 1989). "Richard Feynman and The Connection Auto". Physics Today. Archived from the original on 28 July 2009. Retrieved 3 November 2006.
  39. ^ Pines, David (2018). Pines, David (ed.). Emerging Syntheses in Science: Proceedings of the Founding Workshops of the Santa Fe Plant (PDF). Menlo Park, California: Addison-Wesley. pp. 183–190. doi:10.1201/9780429492594. ISBN9780429492594. S2CID 142670544. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 Baronial 2018.
  40. ^ a b "The Human being Who Cracked The Code to Everything". Wired . Retrieved 7 Apr 2012.
  41. ^ Kolata, G. (1983). "Caltech Torn past Dispute over Software". Scientific discipline. 220 (4600): 932–934. Bibcode:1983Sci...220..932K. doi:10.1126/science.220.4600.932. PMID 17816011.
  42. ^ Wolfram, Stephen (2002). A New Kind of Science. ISBN1579550088.
  43. ^ "Stephen Wolfram Invites You lot to Solve Physics". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved 15 April 2020.
  44. ^ "Stephen Wolfram'due south hypergraph project aims for a fundamental theory of physics". Scientific discipline News. xiv Apr 2020. Retrieved 23 Apr 2020.
  45. ^ Becker, Adam (6 May 2020). "Physicists Criticize Stephen Wolfram'southward 'Theory of Everything'". Scientific American . Retrieved 10 May 2020.
  46. ^ "The Trouble With Stephen Wolfram's New 'Fundamental Theory of Physics'". Gizmodo. 2020. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
  47. ^ Wolfram, Stephen (v March 2009). "Wolfram|Alpha Is Coming!". Wolfram blog . Retrieved ix March 2009.
  48. ^ "Announcing Wolfram|Alpha Pro". Wolfram|Alpha weblog . Retrieved 7 April 2012.
  49. ^ Johnson, Bobbie (9 March 2009). "British search engine 'could rival Google'". The Guardian . Retrieved 9 March 2009.
  50. ^ "Popular Science columnist earns prestigious American Chemical Society accolade". American Chemic Society . Retrieved 25 Dec 2018.
  51. ^ Wolfram Language reference folio Retrieved on xiv May 2014
  52. ^ Shankland, Stephen. "Premium Mathematica software costless on upkeep Raspberry Pi". CNET . Retrieved 18 March 2021.
  53. ^ Slate's article Stephen Wolfram'south New Programming Language: He Can Make The Earth Computable, half-dozen March 2014. Retrieved on xiv May 2014.
  54. ^ Stephen, Wolfram. "The Personal Analytics of My Life". Wired . Retrieved 18 Oct 2016.
  55. ^ How Arrival's Designers Crafted a Mesmerizing Language, Margaret Rhodes, Wired, 16 Nov 2016.
  56. ^ "Dissecting the alien linguistic communication in 'Arrival'". Engadget . Retrieved 16 November 2016.
  57. ^ "Wolfram - YouTube". www.youtube.com . Retrieved 29 January 2022.
  58. ^ 'Thought Makers' tackles scientific thinkers' big ideas and personal lives / Homo side of science emphasized in new book past Tom Siegfried, Science News, thirteen August 2016.
  59. ^ Stephen Wolfram Aims to Democratize His Software by Steve Lohr, The New York Times, fourteen December 2015.

External links [edit]

thomasquan1956.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Wolfram

0 Response to "Big Idea 2 Cellular Processes Energy and Communication Review"

Post a Comment

Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)

Iklan Atas Artikel

Iklan Tengah Artikel 1

Iklan Tengah Artikel 2

Iklan Bawah Artikel